{"id":173,"date":"2010-04-01T07:37:35","date_gmt":"2010-04-01T05:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/avex.org.free.fr\/dossiers\/?page_id=173"},"modified":"2016-04-23T20:19:11","modified_gmt":"2016-04-23T18:19:11","slug":"carte-de-pollution-lumineuse-iberique","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/tutoriels-logiciels\/archives-cartes-europeennes\/carte-de-pollution-lumineuse-iberique","title":{"rendered":"carte de pollution lumineuse Ib\u00e9rique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Bonjour. les cartes de pollution lumineuse de cette page ne seront plus mises \u00e0 jours. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Merci d&rsquo;aller sur les pages de la pollution lumineuse europ\u00e9enne<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/?page_id=3273&amp;lang=fr_FR<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Hello. light pollution maps on this page will not be updates . <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Thank you to go to the pages of the EUROPEAN light pollution<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/?page_id=3273&amp;lang=en_GB#<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"font-size: x-small;\">P\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique<a title=\"haut\" name=\"haut\"><\/a><\/span><\/strong><script src=\"http:\/\/www.google-analytics.com\/urchin.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\">\/\/ <![CDATA[\n\n\n\/\/ ]]><\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\/\/ <![CDATA[\n_uacct = \"UA-1520335-1\"; urchinTracker();\n\/\/ ]]><\/script><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 465px;\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"16\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/#france\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/drapeau-fr-s.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"33\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/#espagne\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/drapeau-espagne-s.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"33\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/#portugal\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/drapeauportugais-s.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"33\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 800px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/zoom.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/prevue-map-interactive.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"376\" height=\"228\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"440\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\"><span class=\"style15\">carte interactive et dynamique pour les petite connexion ou une simple connexion <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;\">Interactive&amp; dynamic map , nice for small connection or simple preview<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-v-a3.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/p-i-visuel-a3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"211\" height=\"300\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\"><span class=\"style15\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-v-a3.pdf\">carte \u00e0 imprimer sur deux A3, toponymie optimis\u00e9e <\/a><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-v-a3.pdf\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\">3.5 MO PDF<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-v-a3.pdf\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\">A3 PDF map<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-poster-v.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/p-i-visuel.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"492\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\"><span class=\"style15\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-poster-v.pdf\">Carte tres haute r\u00e9solution : toponymie tres d\u00e9taill\u00e9e<br \/>\n( \u00e0 imprimer si vous pouvez \ud83d\ude09 ) <\/a><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-poster-v.pdf\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\">16 Mo PDF<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-poster-v.pdf\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;\">Hires Map PDF map very fine<\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-poster-sodium.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/p-i-sodium.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"490\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/c-pi-poster-sodium.pdf\">22 mo<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"style15\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\">NB : il est tout a fait possible que ces cartes ne soient pas lisible sur certain &lsquo;vieux&rsquo; MAC sous os 9 : Acrobat reader s&rsquo;etant arr\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la version 5.1 et ces cartes sont propos\u00e9e en version 6<br \/>\nIl est malheuresuement exclu de faire une carte en version 5 en raison du manque de securit\u00e9 offert par cette version<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"style20 style28 style26\" align=\"center\">Bien que ces cartes soient gratuite, elle monopolise un temps,<br \/>\nun investissement personnel et financier tout \u00e0 fait considerable.<\/p>\n<p class=\"style20 style26\" align=\"center\">Aussi si vous <strong>voulez nous aider<\/strong>, vous pouvez faire un don.<br \/>\nVous pouvez donner ce que vous voulez 1\u20ac 5\u20ac, 10\u20ac etc.. la limite est de 750\u20ac<\/p>\n<p class=\"style20 style30\" align=\"center\"><em>Hi, These maps are absolutely free, however this takes time<br \/>\nand required hardware to build them.<br \/>\nAny donation will be greatly appreciated (\u20ac or $) <\/em><\/p>\n<form action=\"https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/cgi-bin\/webscr\" method=\"post\">\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"center\"><input name=\"cmd\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"_xclick\" \/> <input name=\"business\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"ftapissier@free.fr\" \/> <input name=\"item_name\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"Soutien des cartes de  pollution lumineuse\" \/> <input name=\"item_number\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"001\" \/> <input name=\"no_note\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"1\" \/> <input name=\"currency_code\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"EUR\" \/> <input name=\"tax\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"0\" \/> <input name=\"lc\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"FR\" \/> <input name=\"bn\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"PP-DonationsBF\" \/> <input alt=\"Effectuez vos paiements via PayPal : une solution rapide, gratuite  et s\u00e9curis\u00e9e !\" name=\"submit\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/fr_FR\/i\/btn\/x-click-but04.gif\" type=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/form>\n<table style=\"width: 1200px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"382\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: small;\">This map try to show us the sky quality useable by a training observer. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: small;\">Precautions of interpretation :<br \/>\nThis map is good only for a zenithal cone of 50\u00b0 (from the vertical of a precise location) and don&rsquo;t show the light pollution toward the horizon. To consider the value indicate on the map, it&rsquo;s understood that the observer may have not to be expose himself to a direct light source and he have to be sheltered from a direct light source. The precision of the data are not guarantee : this is indicated values and obtain with arithmetic and non-based from reality. Locals phenomenas as lighting of monuments or public buildings, or at the contrary the extinction of the light from a certain time can elude the data.<br \/>\nThis map show the light pollution at the time of 23:00, during winter, with a midle quantity of humidity around 85 percent. The highway, due to the cars light are systematicaly counted as a source of light pollution. Moreover, the glowing due the cars crossing can reduce to nothing around 20 minutes the nocturn vision of the observer and the quality of the local seeing. Aquatic places don&rsquo;t have to be take in consideration : the light propagation of the light glare was voluntary reduce in a clearness concern. This map show the urban places : artisanal places, industrial places, residential places and some big building (nuclear central i.e).<br \/>\nThe elevation play a dominant role on the light propagation : more the observer is high, less the light diffusion is important. In this way, a city located below an observation point at 1000m higher will affect less the air quality for the observer contrary to if this last was been in plain (at the same level of the light source).<br \/>\nThe efect of the elevation are semi-logarithmic : the first thousand of meters have an important role on the air quality.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"99\">\n<p class=\"style20\" align=\"right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/legende-visuel.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"61\" height=\"800\" \/><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"242\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"style4\"><strong>White<\/strong><\/span> : 0-15 visible stars (without planets) according to the conditions. Very high level of light pollution and all around. Typical of big urban centre and big regional and national cities.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style27\">Magenta<\/span> : 25-80 visible stars. Principles constellations began to be recognizable.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style29\">Red<\/span> : 80-150 stars : constellations and others stars appears. In a telescope, Some Messier object began to be observable.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style31\">Orange<\/span> : 150-250 stars in good conditions. The light pollution is present all around but some darks areas appears. Typicaly the middle suburbs.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style32\">Yellow<\/span> : 250-500 stars. Strong light pollution but the Milky Way can appear in good conditions. Some Messiers among the most bright can be visible with the necked eye.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style34\">Green<\/span> : 500-1000 stars : far peacefull suburbs, Milky Way many times visible but very sensitive to the atmospheric conditions. Typicaly, the glare of light pollution take a large place in the sky and reach at 40-50\u00b0 of elevation.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style36\">Cyan<\/span> : 1000-1500 stars. The Milky Way is visible most of the time in fonction of climatic conditions but without contrast.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style38\">Blue<\/span> : 1500-2000 stars. Good sky. The Milky Way is easily visible, we began to have the sensation of a good sky, but, some source of light pollution damage the sky and in a second time the sky by reflexion at the vertical of the observer.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style40\">Night blue<\/span> : 2000-3000 stars. Very good sky. The Milky Way is present and powerfull. The light glares are far away and scaterred, they don&rsquo;t affect the sky quality.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span class=\"Style42\">Black <\/span>(green by texture transparency) : more than 3000 stars. No light pollution problems revealable on the sky quality<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"369\">\n<p class=\"style20\" align=\"justify\">Legal<\/p>\n<p class=\"style20\" align=\"justify\">1 This maps are and rest the exclusive property of Frederic Tapissier \/ AVEX or its beneficiary.<br \/>\n2 The author give the authorization to diffuse this map only in a private context.<br \/>\n3 The rights can&rsquo;t to be transfer by the user to nobody and for any reason.<br \/>\n4 All print demand, diffusiob may have to be approove by Frederic Tapissier \/ AVEX.<br \/>\n5 No modification of the data, particulary the colors and the range of samples, the exploitation size of this map can not be operate without the autorization of Frederic Tapissier.<br \/>\n6 This PDF is protect by Copyrights and others electronics marks, and is protect against modifications and the exptortations of the containing data.<br \/>\n7 The author can not be consider as responsable of the use of this data in any way.<br \/>\n8 The author did not garantee the precsion of the data who are approximatives, the values are obtaining by arithmetic. This document can not be consider as an official basis for any works, and decline any responsability past, present and future of the using and the interpretation of this data.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a title=\"france\" name=\"france\"><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/#haut\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/drapeau-fr-b.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"148\" height=\"99\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 800px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"404\">\n<p align=\"justify\">Cette carte tente de mettre en \u00e9vidence la qualit\u00e9 du ciel utilisable par un observateur aguerri.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00e9cautions d&rsquo; interpr\u00eatation :<\/strong><br \/>\nLa carte n&rsquo; est valable que pour un c\u00f4ne z\u00e9nithal de 50 \u00b0 (c&rsquo; est \u00e0 dire par rapport \u00e0 la verticale d&rsquo; un lieu donn\u00e9), et ne rend pas compte des effets de la pollution<br \/>\nlumineuse \u00e0 l&rsquo; horizon. Pour consid\u00e9rer les valeurs indiqu\u00e9es sur la carte, Il<br \/>\nest entendu que l&rsquo; observateur ne doit pas se trouver directement expos\u00e9 lui-m\u00eame \u00e0 une source de lumi\u00e8re directe, et qu&rsquo; il se trouve depuis vingt minutes au moins \u00e0 l&rsquo; abri de toute source de lumi\u00e8re directe.<br \/>\nL&rsquo; exactitude des donn\u00e9es n&rsquo; est pas garantie : les valeurs sont indicatives et obtenues par le seul calcul, et non bas\u00e9es sur la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes tr\u00e8s localis\u00e9s, comme l&rsquo; \u00e9clairage de monuments ou d&rsquo; \u00e9difi ces publics, ou au contraire l&rsquo; extinction des luminaires pass\u00e9 une certaine heure, peuvent fausser localement les donn\u00e9es. Cette carte rend compte de la pollution lumineuse pour 23 h, l&rsquo; hiver, avec un taux moyen de 85\u00b0 d&rsquo; humidit\u00e9. Les grandes routes (nationales, autoroutes), de par le passage des voitures et de leurs propres \u00e9clairages sont syst\u00e9matiquement comptabilis\u00e9es comme source de pollution lumineuse Par ailleurs, l&rsquo; \u00e9blouissement provoqu\u00e9 par le passage d&rsquo; une voiture peut ruiner pour au moins 20mm la vision nocturne de l&rsquo; observateur et partant, la qualit\u00e9 du seeing local.<br \/>\nLes zones aquatiques ne sont pas \u00e0 prendre en consid\u00e9ration : la propagation des halos lumineux a \u00e9t\u00e9 volontairement tr\u00e8s fortement att\u00e9nu\u00e9 au dessus des<br \/>\nmers, et ce, dans un souci de clart\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Ces cartes rendent compte des zones urbaines, ZA, ZI, zones pavillonnaires, ports, a\u00e9roports, certains a\u00e9rodromes, routes principales et certaines superstructures (grosses centrales nucl\u00e9aire notamment).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo; altitude joue \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le majeur sur la propagation de la pollution lumineuse : plus l&rsquo; observateur est situ\u00e9 en hauteur, moins la propagation de la diffusion est importante. Ainsi, une ville situ\u00e9e en contre bas d&rsquo; un point d&rsquo; observation \u00e9tabli 1000 m plus hauts affectera beaucoup moins la qualit\u00e9 de l&rsquo; air pour l&rsquo; observateur que si ce dernier \u00e9tait en plaine (au m\u00eame niveau que la source polluante). Les effets de l&rsquo; altitude sont semi-logarithmiques :\u00e0 ce titre, les mille premiers m\u00e8tres ont un facteur d\u00e9terminant sur la qualit\u00e9 de l&rsquo; air.<\/td>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"386\">\n<p class=\"style20\" align=\"justify\">Conditions d&rsquo;utilisations des cartes de Pollution lumineuse<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">1 Ces cartes sont et demeurent la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 exclusive de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier et AVEX ou de ses ayants droit.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">2 L&rsquo; auteur autorise la diffusion de cette carte uniquement dans le cadre priv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">3 Les droits ne sont en aucun cas cessibles par l&rsquo; utilisateur \u00e0 qui que ce soit ni pour quelques raisons que ce soit.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">4 Toute demande d&rsquo; impression, de diffusion doit imp\u00e9rativement \u00eatre soumise \u00e0 l&rsquo; approbation pr\u00e9alable de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier \/\/ AVEX<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">5 Aucune modification des donn\u00e9es, notamment sur les couleurs, sur l&rsquo; \u00e9chantillonnage, la taille d&rsquo; exploitation de la carte ne peut \u00eatre op\u00e9r\u00e9e sans l&rsquo; accord pr\u00e9alable de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">6 Ce PDF est prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par des Copyrights et autres marquages \u00e9lectroniques de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9, et est prot\u00e9g\u00e9 contre la modification et l&rsquo; exportation des donn\u00e9es qu&rsquo; il contient.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">7 L&rsquo; auteur ne saurait \u00eatre tenu responsable de l&rsquo; utilisation de ces donn\u00e9es de quelques mani\u00e8res que ce soit.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">8 L&rsquo; auteur ne garantit pas l&rsquo; exactitude des donn\u00e9es, qui ne sont qu&rsquo; approximatives, les valeurs \u00e9tant obtenues par le calcul. Ce document ne peut en aucun cas servir de base officielle \u00e0 quel que travaux que ce se soit, et d\u00e9cline toute responsabilit\u00e9 pass\u00e9e pr\u00e9sente et future de l&rsquo; utilisation et de l&rsquo; interpr\u00e9tation de ces donn\u00e9es<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr align=\"left\" noshade=\"noshade\" width=\"800\" \/>\n<p><a title=\"espagne\" name=\"espagne\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/#haut\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/drapeau-espagne-b.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 800px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"404\">\n<p align=\"justify\">Esta carta intenta poner en evidencia la calidad del cielo utilizable por un observador curtido.<\/p>\n<p>Precauciones de interpretaci\u00f3n:<br \/>\nla carta es v\u00e1lida s\u00f3lo para un cono cenital de 50 \u00b0 (es decir con relaci\u00f3n a la vertical de un lugar dado), y no da cuenta de efectos de la poluci\u00f3n luminosa para el horizonte.<br \/>\nPara considerar los valores indicados sobre la carta, Claro que el observador mismo no debe encontrarse directamente expuesto a una fuente de luz directa, y claro que se encuentra desde hace veinte minutos por lo menos al amparo de toda fuente de luz directa. La puntualidad de los datos no es garantizada : Los valores son indicativos y obtenidos por el solo c\u00e1lculo, y no basados en la realidad. Fen\u00f3menos muy localizados, como la iluminaci\u00f3n de monumentos o de edificios p\u00fablicos, o al contrario la extinci\u00f3n de los alumbrados pasado una hora cierta, pueden falsear localmente los datos.<br \/>\nEsta carta da cuenta de la poluci\u00f3n luminosa para las 23 horas, en invierno, con un \u00edndice medio de 85 \u00b0 de humedad. Los grandes caminos (nacionales, autopistas), de por pasaje de los coches y sus propias iluminaciones sistem\u00e1ticamente son contabilizadas como fuente de poluci\u00f3n luminosa. Por otro lado, el deslumbramiento provocado por el pasaje de un coche puede arruinar por lo menos 20mm la visi\u00f3n nocturna del observador y por lo tanto, la calidad del \u00ab seeing \u00bb local.<br \/>\nLas zonas acu\u00e1ticas no tienen que tener en cuenta: la propagaci\u00f3n de los halos luminosos ha sido atenuada voluntariamente muy fuertemente por encima de los mares, y esto, en una preocupaci\u00f3n de claridad. Estas cartas dan cuenta de zonas urbanas, ZA, ZI, zonas urbanizadas, puertos, aeropuertos, ciertos aer\u00f3dromos, caminos principales y ciertas superstructuras (centrales gruesas nuclear particularmente).<br \/>\nLa altitud tambi\u00e9n desempe\u00f1a un papel superior sobre la propagaci\u00f3n de la poluci\u00f3n luminosa: cuanto m\u00e1s el observador est\u00e1 situado en altura, menos la propagaci\u00f3n de la difusi\u00f3n es importante. As\u00ed, una ciudad situada contra bajura de un punto establecido de observaci\u00f3n 1000 m m\u00e1s altos afectar\u00e1 mucho menos la calidad del aire para el observador que si este \u00faltimo estaba en planicie (al mismo nivel que la fuente contaminante).<br \/>\nLos efectos de la altitud son semilogar\u00edtmicos: a este respecto, mil de primeros metros los tienen un factor que determina sobre la calidad del aire<\/td>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"386\">\n<p class=\"style20\" align=\"justify\">Conditions d&rsquo;utilisations des cartes de Pollution lumineuse<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">1 Estas cartas son y permanecen la propiedad exclusiva de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier\/AVEX o de sus beneficiarios.<\/p>\n<p>2 El autor autoriza la difusi\u00f3n de esta carta solamente en el marco privado.<\/p>\n<p>3 Los derechos no son cesibles nunca por el usuario a quienquiera ni por la raz\u00f3n que sea.<\/p>\n<p>4 Toda solicitud de impresi\u00f3n, de difusi\u00f3n debe imperativamente presentarse a la aprobaci\u00f3n previa de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier\/AVEX<\/p>\n<p>5 Ninguna modificaci\u00f3n de los datos, en particular, sobre los colores, sobre el muestreo, el tama\u00f1o de explotaci\u00f3n de la carta puede operarse sin el acuerdo previo de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier<\/p>\n<p>6 Estos PDF son protegidos por Copyrightes y otros marcados electr\u00f3nicos de rastreabilidad, y los protegens contra la modificaci\u00f3n y la exportaci\u00f3n de los datos que contiene.<\/p>\n<p>7 El autor no podr\u00eda ser tenido responsable de la utilizaci\u00f3n de estos datos de ning\u00fan modo.<\/p>\n<p>8 El autor no garantiza la exactitud de los datos, que solo son aproximados, dado que se obtuvo los valores por el c\u00e1lculo. Este documento no puede en ning\u00fan caso servir de base oficial qu\u00e9 a que trabajos que este se sea, y declina toda \u00faltima responsabilidad presente y futura de la utilizaci\u00f3n y la interpretaci\u00f3n de estos datos<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr align=\"left\" noshade=\"noshade\" width=\"800\" \/>\n<p><a title=\"portugal\" name=\"portugal\"><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/#haut\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/pl\/espagne\/drapeauportugais-b.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 800px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"404\">\n<p align=\"justify\">Este mapa tenta destacar a qualidade do c\u00e9u utiliz\u00e1vel para um observador avisado.<br \/>\nPrecau\u00e7\u00f5es de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o :<\/p>\n<p>O mapa \u00e9 v\u00e1lido apenas para um cone zenital de 50 \u00b0 (ou seja em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 vertical de um dado lugar), e n\u00e3o d\u00e1 conta dos efeitos da polui\u00e7\u00e3o luminosa ao horizonte. Para considerar os valores indicados no mapa, \u00e9 entendido que o observador n\u00e3o se deve encontrar ele mesmo directamente exposto a uma fonte de luminosidade directa, e que deve encontra-se pelo menos desde vinte minutos ao abrigo de qualquer fonte de luz directa.<\/p>\n<p>A exactid\u00e3o dos dados n\u00e3o \u00e9 garantida: os valores s\u00e3o indicativos e obtidos unicamente por c\u00e1lculo, e n\u00e3o baseados na realidade. Fen\u00f3menos muito localizados, como a ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o de monumentos ou de edif\u00edcios p\u00fablicos, ou ao contr\u00e1rio a extin\u00e7\u00e3o de luminaires passados certa hora, podem falsear localmente os dados.<\/p>\n<p>Este mapa d\u00e1 conta da polui\u00e7\u00e3o luminosa por 23 horas, no inverno, com uma taxa m\u00e9dia de 85\u00b0 de humidade. As grandes estradas (nacionais, auto-estradas), devido \u00e0 passagem dos autom\u00f3veis e as suas pr\u00f3prias ilumina\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o contabilizadas sistematicamente como fonte de polui\u00e7\u00e3o luminosa al\u00e9m disso, o ofuscamento provocado pela passagem de um autom\u00f3vel pode arruinar pelo menos 20 minutos a vis\u00e3o nocturna do observador, e por conseguinte, a qualidade da vis\u00e3o (seeing) local.<\/p>\n<p>As zonas aqu\u00e1ticas n\u00e3o devem ser tomadas em considera\u00e7\u00e3o : a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o dos halos luminosos foi voluntariamente e muito fortemente atenuada acima dos mares, isto, numa preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o de clareza. Estes mapas d\u00e3o conta das zonas urbanas, ZA, ZI, zonas suburbanas, portos, aeroportos, certos aer\u00f3dromos, estradas principais e certas superestruturas<br \/>\n(nomeadamente grandes centrais nucleares).<\/p>\n<p>A altitude desempenha igualmente um papel essencial na propaga\u00e7\u00e3o da polui\u00e7\u00e3o luminosa : quanto mais o observador esta situado em altura, menos a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o da difus\u00e3o \u00e9 importante. Assim, uma cidade situada contra partes inferiores de um ponto de observa\u00e7\u00e3o estabelecido a 1000 metros mais elevados afectar\u00e1 muito menos a qualidade do ar para o observador deste \u00faltimo que estivesse numa plan\u00edcie (ao mesmo n\u00edvel que a fonte poluente). Os efeitos da altitude s\u00e3o semilogar\u00edtmicos : a esse respeito, os mil primeiros metros s\u00e3o um factor determinante sobre a qualidade do ar.<\/td>\n<td class=\"style15\" valign=\"top\" width=\"386\">1 Estes mapas s\u00e3o e residem a propriedade exclusiva de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier\/AVEX ou, os seus benefici\u00e1rios.2 O autor autoriza a divulga\u00e7\u00e3o deste mapa unicamente no \u00e2mbito privado.3 Os direitos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o em nenhum caso ced\u00edveis pelo utilizador a quem quer que seja e porque raz\u00e3o que seja.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>4 Qualquer pedido de impress\u00e3o, de divulga\u00e7\u00e3o deve imperativamente ser sujeita \u00e0 aprova\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9via de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier\/AVEX.<\/p>\n<p>5 Nenhuma modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos dados, nomeadamente sobre as cores, sobre a amostragem, a dimens\u00e3o de explora\u00e7\u00e3o do mapa n\u00e3o pode ser operadas sem o acordo pr\u00e9vio de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tapissier.<\/p>\n<p>6 Este PDF \u00e9 protegido por Copyrights (direitos reservados) e outras marca\u00e7\u00f5es electr\u00f3nicas de rastreabilidade, e protegida contra a modifica\u00e7\u00e3o e a exporta\u00e7\u00e3o dos dados que contem.<\/p>\n<p>7 O autor n\u00e3o devera ser tido como respons\u00e1vel da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o destes dados de qualquer maneira que seja.<\/p>\n<p>8 O autor n\u00e3o garante a exactid\u00e3o dos dados, que s\u00e3o apenas aproximativos, os valores foram obtidos por c\u00e1lculo. Este documento n\u00e3o pode em nenhum caso servir de base oficial a qualquer trabalho que seja, e declina qualquer responsabilidade passada, presente e futura da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o e a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o destes dados.<\/p>\n<p class=\"style20\" align=\"justify\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bonjour. les cartes de pollution lumineuse de cette page ne seront plus mises \u00e0 jours. Merci d&rsquo;aller sur les pages<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/tutoriels-logiciels\/archives-cartes-europeennes\/carte-de-pollution-lumineuse-iberique\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">carte de pollution lumineuse Ib\u00e9rique<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"parent":3344,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-173","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=173"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3304,"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/173\/revisions\/3304"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.avex-asso.org\/dossiers\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}